The honest answer: as many as you have, but the trip you can build depends on the number. A week does one region or two cities well. Ten days fits the classic Rome-Florence-Venice triangle with room to breathe. Two weeks lets you add the south or a second region without rushing. The single biggest mistake is trying to "see Italy" in a week by stringing five cities together. Pick less, go deeper, and let the country slow you down.
However long you have, move by fast train between cities, not a rental car, and never plan more than one base change every two to three days. Italy rewards depth, not mileage.
How do you want to see it?
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How Many Days for Each Kind of Trip

5 days: one region or two cities
Enough for Rome alone, or two close cities like Florence and Venice. Don't attempt three cities in five days. The transit eats the trip.
7 days: the comfortable minimum
A full week does the classic triangle at a push, or one region (Tuscany, the Amalfi Coast) properly. The sweet spot for a first trip.
10-14 days: go deeper
Ten days fits the triangle with a coast or countryside coda. Two weeks adds the south, Sicily, or a second region without the rush. The ideal length if you can manage it.
Q&A: How Long to Spend in Italy
Is one week enough for Italy?
For one region or two cities, yes. For "all of Italy," no. A week is plenty to enjoy Rome deeply, or pair two close cities, but spreading it across the whole country just means seeing stations.
How many days for a first trip?
Seven to ten days is ideal, enough for the classic Rome-Florence-Venice triangle or one region with breathing room. It balances seeing the icons with not being exhausted.
Is two weeks too long?
Not at all. Two weeks lets you add the south, Sicily, or a second region at a human pace. With more time, add places gradually rather than packing each day fuller.
How many cities should I visit?
Roughly one city per two to three days, so three cities in a week, four or five in two weeks. Fewer bases mean less packing, fewer trains, and more actual Italy.
When should I go?
Spring and fall for the best weather and lighter crowds, whatever the length of your trip. Summer is hot and busy. Winter is quiet with short museum lines.